Fig. 2

Classification of intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC). A Venn diagram illustrating the relationship between IPEC pathotypes, adapted and modified from [20, 21]. B Virulence factors and symptoms of IPEC pathotypes [3, 22]. The strains in A were collected from studies sited here [15, 23,24,25]. *TTP: thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura. Afa: afimbrial adhesins are encoded by the afa gene clusters that responsible for the invasions process in the host cell [26]. Dr: Drori blood group antigen adhesins allow E. coli to invade the host epithelial CD55 that encode complement decay-accelerating factor ‘DAF’ in human [26, 27]. CFA: colonization factor antigens (at least 23 member) are involved to facilitate E. coli’ bacterial attachment to the host small intestines. CS: Coli surface antigens. ST/LT: heat stable (ST) and heat-labile (LT) are enterotoxins associated with diarrhoea. ST types (STa) and (STb) are involved with human and animal diarrhoea respectively [28]. EAF: plasmid of 70–100 kb called the EAF (EPEC adherence factor) [3]. 220 kb (inv) plasmid: 220 kb virulence-associated (inv) plasmid [29]. (✓) Normally exist (⍻) sometimes exist