Fig. 5

Loss of the core gut microbiome is associated with gut inflammation and its severity across multiple studies. A Multi-study meta-analysis approach utilized for identification of the core gut microbiota in the Indian populations. B Co-abundance meta-network shown only for the core taxa in the India gut microbiomes derived from the seven studies. C Degree centrality of the identified core India gut taxa at the species level. Taxa are listed in descending order of their degree of centrality. D Comparison of the CGMS in different inflammation disease phenotypes in the current study, and the previous Kedia et al. study from India [13, 39]. The CGMS are also compared for five additional external studies from North America [8, 45,46,47], two studies from Europe (Liguori et al. from Italy [32]; Halfvarson et al. from Sweden [46]). E. Heatmap showing the association of four major indices of gut health along with CGMS with IBD-disease groups across the seven cohorts. Red boxes marked −1 denote a significant decrease (with Mann–Whitney test p value < =0.05); blue boxes marked 1 denote a significant increase (with Mann–Whitney p value < =0.05). Depicting the comparative evaluation for their association with non-diseased and IBD-patients across all investigated cohorts