Table 2 Toxigenic clostridioides difficile asymptomatic carrier pooled prevalence based on study level characteristics

All studies

62

39,447

7.6 [5.7; 9.7]

96%

31

8.2 [6.9; 9.6]

73%

Clinical characteristic

Healthy population

6

5,210

1.5 [0.7; 2.6]

87%

1

0.9 [0.5; 1.6]

20%

Cystic fibrosis

2

106

31.1 [22.6; 40.4]

0%

-

-

-

Cancer population

6

1,906

12.1 [10.5; 13.9]

10%

-

-

-

Healthcare workers

2

411

4.9 [0.2; 9.7]

53%

-

-

-

Cirrhosis

1

526

19.8 [16.5; 23.3]

-

-

-

-

Kidney transplant recipients

1

142

16.9 [11.2; 23.6]

-

-

-

-

Irritable bowel syndrome

1

87

4.6 [1.0; 10.2]

-

-

-

-

Clinical settings

LTCF /Elderly population^a

13

2,680

7.1 [2.8; 13.1]

96%

2

5.9 [3.2; 9.3]

88%

ICU patients

7

3,478

6.6 [3.5; 10.6]

92%

1

5.0 [3.3; 7.1]

73%

Hospital setting

6

3,919

7.6 [4.3; 11.6]

92%

1

8.8 [5.3; 13.0]

88%

Hospital admission

10

13,075

8.6 [5.3; 12.5]

97%

3

12.2 [9.8; 14.9]

70%

Outbreak

3

955

18.5 [0.5; 52.1]

98%

-

-

-