Figure. 2

Phylogenetic tree illustrating the core genome phylogeny of eight Salmonella enteric serovars obtained in this study (highlighted in red) and 77 serovars from diverse geographic regions. The tree was constructed from 1000 single-copy core genes shared across all study isolates and strains of human and animal origin from different geographic locations including Russia, India, Saudi Arabia, China, Taiwan, Turkey, USA, etc. (Supplementary Table 1). The maximum-likelihood method was employed, using the general time-reversible model with a gamma distribution to account for rate variation among sites. Support values were calculated from 100 “Rapid” bootstrap iterations, ensuring robust branch support. The best-scoring tree was visualized using the iTOL online tool, with color coding applied to distinguish study isolates and isolation type. The scale bar (0.001) indicates genetic distance, representing sequence divergence among isolates