Fig. 2

Gut microbiota diversities of Finnish and Iranian PDAC patients and healthy controls. A Alpha diversity: Shannon entropy (i.e., species diversity), B alpha diversity: Chao1 index (i.e., species richness), and C phylogenetic diversity. D Beta diversity: Principal coordinate (PCo) plot of the Bray–Curtis distance. FHC, Finnish HC; FPDAC, Finnish PDAC; HC, healthy control; IHC, Iranian HC; IPDAC, Iranian PDAC; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma