Fecal carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms increases the risk of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: insights from gut microbiota and metabolite features

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of MDRO carriers and non-carriers in patients with cirrhosis

Variables	MDRO− (n = 59)	MDRO + (n = 29)	p-value
Age, years	61.8 (54.4–65.4)	56.36 (46.9–64.9)	0.067
Male	45 (76.3)	23 (79.3)	0.749
Etiology of cirrhosis (%)
Viral/alcohol/others	42 (71.2)/12 (20.3)/5 (8.5)	15 (51.7)/8 (27.6)/6 (20.7)	0.142
Laboratory
White blood cell (1000/uL)	4.3 (3.2–5.3)	4.1 (3.0–5.5)	0.862
Platelet (1000/uL)	85.0 (58.0–120.0)	80.0 (46.0–117.5)	0.470
Sodium (mEq/L)	140 (138–142)	139 (136–141)	0.185
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.8 (0.7–1.0)	0.8 (0.7–1.0)	0.535
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	1.4 (1.0–2.2)	1.6 (0.9–3.7)	0.742
ALT (U/L)	27.0 (22.0–37.0)	32.0 (21.5–41.0)	0.260
Albumin (g/dL)	3.7 (3.3–4.1)	3.5 (3.1–4.0)	0.054
INR	1.3 (1.2–1.4)	1.3 (1.2–1.5)	0.131
Ammonia (ug/dL)	24.0 (17.8–29.9)	22.5 (17.7–30.7)	0.568
LPS (ng/mL)	10.4 (8.7–15.1)	15.1 (10.0–20.9)	0.006
Fecal Alb (g/dL)	4.7 (0.8–15.1)	3.4 (0.7–31.6)	0.759
Comorbidity
Diabetes mellitus	17 (28.8)	8 (28.4)	0.904
Hypertension	8 (13.6)	2 (6.9)	0.355
Hepatocellular carcinoma	10 (16.9)	5 (17.2)	0.973
Presence of ascites	31 (52.5)	14 (48.3)	0.707
Presence of varices	53 (89.8)	25 (86.2)	0.615
Child–Pugh score	6 (5–8)	7 (5–8)	0.177
Child–Pugh class
A/B/C	35 (59.3)/19 (32.2)/5 (8.5)	13 (44.8)/12 (41.4)/4 (13.8)	0.417
MELD score	10.5(9.0–13.4)	11.6(8.4–16.4)	0.221
Prior admission
< 30 days	8 (13.6)	10 (34.5)	0.022
< 60 days	15 (25.4)	11 (37.9)	0.247
< 90 days	19 (32.2)	13 (44.8)	0.227

The data are expressed as median (25 th–75 th percentiles), or number (percent)
MDRO multidrug-resistant organism, ALT alanine aminotransferase, INR international normalized ratio, LPS lipopolysaccharide, MELD Model for End-stage Liver Disease

ISSN: 1757-4749