Fecal carriage of multidrug-resistant organisms increases the risk of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: insights from gut microbiota and metabolite features

Table 4 Risk factors for fecal MDRO carriage in patients with cirrhosis

Variables	Univariate analysis			Multivariable analysis
	OR	95%CI	p-value	OR	95%CI	p-value
Age	0.95	0.91–1.01	0.077	0.96	0.91–1.00	0.062
Male sex	1.19	0.41–3.51	0.749
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	0.94	0.35–2.53	0.904
Albumin (< 3.5/≥ 3.5 g/dL)	0.63	0.25–1.57	0.321
Sodium (< 135/≥ 135 mEq/L)	1.25	0.28–5.62	0.775
LPS (≥ 11.9/< 11.9 ng/ml)	4.02	1.56–10.40	0.004	3.84	1.40–10.49	0.009
Child–Pugh class
A			Reference
B	1.70	0.65–4.46	0.280
C	2.15	0.50–9.28	0.303
MELD scores (≥ 15/< 15)	2.30	0.84–6.29	0.106
Prior admission within 30 days	3.36	1.15–9.77	0.026	1.04	0.38–2.85	0.945
Frequency of hospitalization in 3 months
0			Reference
1	1.29	0.46–3.62	0.625
2–3	0.53	0.06–5.01	0.575
History of HCC before enrollment	1.02	0.31–3.32	0.973
Presence of ascites	0.84	0.35–2.05	0.707

MDRO multidrug-resistant organism, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, LPS lipopolysaccharide, MELD Model for End-stage Liver Disease, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma

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